SUMMARY(anat13)

The large glands of the digestive tract

   1. Intestinal glands

   2. Glands attached to the intestine

         --- Liver\ Pancreas

1. Digestive glands 消化腺

  1) Liver 肝臟

     --- The largest accumulation of entodermal tissue in the body

     (1) Location

           --- The largest gland located anteriorly within the pleuroperitoneal cavity 

           --- Contacting with stomach

     (2) Lobulation of liver

          a. Unilobe or no lobulation

          b. 2 or 3 lobes           
          c. Polylobes

     (3) Color of liver

           --- Generally, reddish brown
                 --- Wild fish
 

           --- Variation in color

                 --- Individual and species differences 

                 --- From yellow to dark brown to gray

     (4) Size of liver

           --- Associated with species, foods, season or sex
 

           --- Hepatosomatic index

                 --- Weight of liver/ Body weight X 100

                       --- Chondrichthyes 10 - 20% 

                            Osteichthyes    1 - 2% 

                            Man 2%/ Dog 3%

     (5)  Blood supply and distribution within the organ
         
                --- Dual supply
                      --- Portal vein/ Hepatic artery

 
[Liver in the carp]

 2. Gall bladder 膽囊

     --- No gall bladder in dolphins and in Syumokuzame, Nokogiriei and one species of Houbou

    (1) Location

          --- a. Many of chondrichthyes :  Embedded within liver

               b. Most of osteichthyes : Between liver and intestine

          --- Opening at the beginning of intestine

     (2) Shape and color of the bladder

          --- Spherical/ Ovoid / Cord-shaped

          --- Yellowish brown or greenish
                --- Greenish color suggesting the presence of biliverdin

     (3) Function

           --- a. Emulsification of fat 

               b. Digestion of proteins
 

 3. Pancreas 膵臟

     --- The same origin as the liver
 

     --- a. Compact pancreas(Pancreas compactum)

         b. Diffuse pancreas or disseminated pancreas(Pancreas difussum or disseminatum)

    (1) Location

           --- As follicles between esophagus and blind sac-like projection in end of midgut in cyclostomi

          --- Separated tubular compact organ with 1 or 2 lobes attached around border between
               stomach and intestine

          --- Compact organ on dorsal wall of digestive tibue in dipnoi and on dorsal side of spiral intestine
               in Siragansu

          --- Diffuse organ in many of teleosts which is dificult to discern with naked eyes.
                
         a. Individual organ

         b. Around liver

         c. Hepatopancreas

         d. On the pyloric ceca

         e. Around digestive tube

         f. Splenopancreas or around spleen

         g. Around Islet of Langerhans

    (2) Shape of compact pancreas

          --- Chondrichthyes
                --- Variation with species
 

    (3) Openings of pancreatic duct

          --- A duct system separated from bile duct system even in the liver having
               hepatopancreas
 

          --- The begining of intestine
               Pouring independently from that of common bile duct in hepatopancreas
 

    (3) Islet of Langerhans (Insula pancreatica)

                --- Location of endocrine islets in teleostei

                --- a. Within the isolated pancreatic tissue/ Around liver 

                     b. Discrete near gall bladder (around Ductus choledochus)  

                     c. Within the spleen

SUMMARY(anat13)