SUMMARY(anat15)

Cardiovascular system 心臟循環器系

 1. Heart 

 2. Vascular system

 3. Lymphatic system

Heart 心臟

  --- Cranioventral end of the pectoral girdle

        --- Located in the pericardial cavity

  --- Location

        --- Just posterior to gill and to some extent ventral to gill 

        --- Anterior to the abdominal cavity

1. Compostion of heart

      --- S-shaped structure of the heart

            --- a. Venous sinus (Sinus venosus)

                  b. (Cardiac) atrium (Atrium cordis)

                  c. (Cardiac) ventricle (Ventriculum dordis) 

                  d. Cardiac bulb (Bulbus cordis)

           --- Originated from yolk-sac veins (Vitelline veins, Venae vitellinae)  

           --- Cardia ventricle\ cardiac bulb

                   --- A thickening of the muscular wall of the heart tube

     --- Species variation in carciac anatomy

     --- Layers of the heart

           --- a. Epicardium with subepicardium

                b. Myocardium

                c. Endocardium with subendocardium

     1) Venous sinus

          --- Located in dorso-caudal region of pericardial cavity

              (1) Common cardinal veins

                    --- Bilaterally located 

                    --- Running down along both sides of esophagus

              (2) Hepatic veins

                    --- Generally posterior wall of the sinus through the penetration of diaphragm

              (3) Jugular and subclavian veins

     2) Sino-atrial opening and sinoatrial valve (SA valve)

          --- Folding both walls of the sinus and atrium

     3) (Cardiac) atrium

          --- Dorsal to ventricle and even the cardiac bulb

          --- Cardiac auricle 心耳

                --- Frequent ventral protrusions of atrium

               Coronary sulcus 冠狀溝

                --- Furrow between the atrium and ventricle

     4) Atrio-ventricular opening

         --- Always located in dorsal wall of the ventricle

               --- Usually 2 equal valves

     5) (Cardiac) ventricles

         --- Round type/ Triangular type    

         --- Spongy layer/ Compact layer

     6) Arterial opening

         --- Between the cardiac ventricle and cardiac bulb

     7) Cardiac bulb 心臟球

         --- Species variation

         --- Arterial cone
               --- Original form of cardiac bulb found in shark and ray 

               --- Separated from the other heart divisions

               --- Many longitudinal rows of valves on internal surface (Fig. 189)

              Aortic bulb in  many teleosts
               --- Regression from cardiac bulb 

         --- Functions

               --- Maintenence of smooth blood flow leading to prevention of overpressure load to gill

     8) Arterial trunk (Ventral aorta) 動脈幹

         --- The first portion of the arterial vascular system except for teleostei

         --- a. Arterial cone in primitive teleosts 動脈圓錐

             b. Arterial or aortic bulb only in teleostei

     9) Ventral aorta (AOv)

     10) Pericardial cavity

Nutrient vessels of the heart

  1) Arterial supplies

      --- Dorsal aorta\ Last efferent branchial arteries

  2) Venous system

      --- Coronary sinus\ Capillary-luminar anstomosis in higher vertebrates

     (1) Cardiac bulb

          --- Anterior cardinal vein

     (2) Ventricular wall

          --- Pouring into atrial cavity near atrio-ventricular opening (Ostium atrioventriculare)

     (3) Atrial wall

          --- Pouring into atrial cavity by few veins on the border between the ventricle and the venous sinus

Myogenic excitation

   --- Modulation mainly by the adrenergic nervous system
   --- Reference book 1-1) 

SUMMARY(anat15)