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Swim bladder 부레

   --- As synonyms

        --- Swim bladder <Air bladder <Gas bladder

         @ Functions in cyprinus -------------X-----------------> Swim bladder

             Different from true air ----------X-----------------> Air bladder

             Filled with fat in ceratin deep sea fish --X--> Gas bladder

  --- Only in osteichthyes

        --- Dipnoi\ Teleostomi
 

        --- Fishes without bladder

             --- a. Acrania\ Agnatha (Cyclostomi)

                  b. Chondrichthyes

                     --- Elasmobranchii\ Holocephali

                  c. Some of teleostei

                     ---> (a) Flatfish

                                --- Loss at the beggining of living on the underwater floor

                           (b) Some genera of the mackerel-like fish (Scombriformes)

                                --- Tuna\ Mackerel

                           (c) Presence in embryo and larvae

                                --- Regression just after or before metamophosis

  --- Simply a tied-off cavity from the fore-gut whose function is not related to that of the fore-gut

       A useful but not an indispensible organ (Bertin, 1958)

  --- A variety of forms and functions

        --- Generally ovoid or long ovoid but spherical in loach

             Different depending on the mode of life and relationship within the body cavity

  --- Not a homogeneous organ

        --- An organ-complex as pneumatic tract(Tractus pneumaticus)

 1. Location of swim bladder

    1) Between digestive tube and kidney

        --- a. Generally 1 chamber
 

             b. 2 or more chambers
 

                 --- Anterior chamber
 

                 --- Posterior chamber

                        --- Directly connected to pneumatic duct

                 --- The 3rd chamber

                        --- Certain species of Gadidae

    2) Between vertebrae and gonads

    3) Retroperitoneal location

        --- ie., between peritoneum and vertebral column

             Easily separated from the adjacent tissues or not

              --- a. Cyprinus\ Clupea or Alosa
 

                   b. Lota\ Other gadidae

                        --- Tightly attached to dorsal peritoneal tissue

        --- Development of swimbladder

              --- Caudal growth of anlage

                    --- Penetration through the peritoneum

                            --- A vesicular swelling (True swim bladder)

 2. Color of air bladder 

      --- White or silvery white ovoid

             --- Often guanine crystal in a thin peritoneal epithelium surrounding the bladder

           Epithelial covering

             --- Direct attachment of the bladder to the dorsal peritoneal wall

                    ---> Covering the ventral and dorsal sides of bladder

 3. Composition of swimbladder (Pneumatic tract or Tractus pneumaticus)

      --- Pneumatic tract(Tractus pneumaticus)

            --- a. Pneumatic duct in large sense(Ductus pneumaticus. s. l.)
 

                     --- (a) Pseumatic duct in strict sense(Ductus pneumaticus s. str.)

                               --- Real pneumatic duct

                          (b) Prevesica

                               --- Posterior chamber or the oval

                b. Vesica natatoria propria (Real swim bladder)

                     --- Anterior chamber or body

    1) Pneumatic duct in large sense(Ductus pneumaticus s. l.)

        --- The air passage in the large sense

        --- Proximal portion of pneumatic duct(tractus pneumaticus)

        a. Pneumatic duct in strict sense(Ductus pneumaticus s. str.)

            --- Origin

                  ---> A usually medially-located evagination of the esophageal dorsal

                        wall

            --- Often narrow or short

                 Well-developed in the chondrostei, clupeiforms, cypriniforms, esociform, anguilliforms

                 Air passage in the strict sense

                  --- Connected with digestive dube

            --- 3 different types of swim bladder in fish
 

                  a. Physostomes

                      --- Open duct
 

                      --- (a) Function of a hydrostatic organ entirely

                           (b) Function of a respiratory organ exclusively

                  b. Physoclists 

                      --- Closed duct/ Closed swimbladder

                      --- Missing or regressed

                  c. Fishes without swim bladder

                      --- Table in p 168

            Physostomes 有管票

              --- Primitive osteichthyes

                    --- Dipnoi

                   Lower rank of teleosts

                    --- Anguillidae\ Cyprinidae\ Salmonidae

              --- True pneumatic duct open in the adult

                    ---> Fishes with an open swim bladder

                    Less-developed gas-producing and gas-resorbing tissues

              --- Some of the physostomes exhibiting the extreme

                    --- Absent or largely reduced  real swim bladder (Anterior chamber; Vesica natatoria propria;
                         Distal portion)
 

                         Generally epithelium not suitable for absorption or exchage of gas

                    --- Pronounced posterior chamber (Prevesica)

                           --- Appearing to be the entire swimbladder

                         Pneumatic duct with a large lumen

                            --- Thus, well-developed proximal portion
 

                                 Occasionally a respiratory function

                                  --- Having functions which cannot be carried out by anterior chamber (Vesica
                                       natatoria propria)

              --- Pneumatic duct

                    --- Inflowing and outflowing pathway of air\ Store of air

                          --- Opening into esophagus

                                --- a. Ventral side of initial portion of digestive tube
 

                                          --- Primitive osteichthyes

                                                --- Dipnoi\ Polypterus

                                    b. Dorsal side of esophagus

                                          --- Teleosts

                          --- The opening

                                --- a. Salmonidae\ Siluridae\ Some other families

                                          --- Displaced towards the right side

                                     b. Cyprinidae

                                          --- Displaced toward the left side

                    --- Similar in histologi c structure to digestive tract

                    --- Opening or closure of the duct by the strong sphincter near the esophagus

            Physoclists 無管表 ----------- Fig. 136 B, C

             --- Perch\ Red seabream (Pagrus major) \ Croaker (Miichthys miiuy)

                  Fishes in which real pneumatic duct (Ductus pneumaticus s. str.) is closed, at least in the adult

             --- Specialized structure from physostomous bladder

                  Well-developed anterior chamber (Vesica natoria propria; Distal portion)

                  Largely reduced posterior chamber (Prevesica)

                   ---> Only the oval

             --- Gas-producing tissue passing over to the cranio-ventral wall of the bladder

        b. The oval (Posterior chamber; Prevesica)  
             --- Highly-vascularized wall  
 

             --- Resorption of gas

                   --- a. Posterior chamber (Physostomes)    

                        b. The oval (Physoclists) 

                            <--- Homologous to the posterior chamber

                                  --- ie., reduced derivative from p. chamber

     2) Real swim bladder(Vesica natatoria propria or)

         --- Distal portion of pneumatic duct (Tractus pneumaticus)

               --- Anterior chamber or body of swimbladder

              Well-developed in physoclists

              Presence of a cranial diverticle (Camera aerea) in some families

         --- Gas gland
               --- Gas-production
 

               --- Composed of an epithelial body and rete mirabile
                     --- Rete mirabile

                           --- Rich blood vessels

               --- Confined to the anterior chamber in the divided chamber

                     --- Thus, true anterior\ posterior chamber

 4. Functions of air (or swim)  bladder

     1) Hydrostatic function (Main)

         --- Adjustment of the specific weight of body

         --- Hanging suspended between the underwater floor and the surface fo water

              without expending a great deal of energy

     2) Accessory respiratory function

         --- Components of air in bladder

         --- Deep sea fish

                  --- 80 - 90% oxygen

                        --- Storing of gas

              At least half of benthic (Bottom-dwelling) fish living below 2,000 m

                 --- An well-developed organ with a large gas gland

         --- a. Physostomous bladder
 

                 --- Absorption of gas

                       --- Mouth

                            --->Digestive tube

                                   ---> pnematic duct

                      Excretion or reabsorption through the mouth

             b. Physoclistous bladder
 

                 --- Absorption of gas

                      --- Gas gland

                            --- Epithelial body and rete mirabile

                      Excretion reabsorption of gas

                      --- The oval (gland)

     3) Sensory function

         --- Perception of pressure changes either directly or over the inner ear

              Perception of sound in cyprinidae\ siluroidae

     4) Sound-producing or sound-amplifying organ

Weberian apparatus

   --- Only in cypriniformes (Cyprinidae\ Siluroidae)

          --- Ostariophysi

                --- Attachment of the ossicles to the swimbladder

   --- A connection between the swim bladder and the statoacoustic organ ie., inner ear

         ---> Transmission of sound waves from the swim bladder to the labyrinths of the ear

   [Compositon of the apparatus]

     (1) Weberian ossicles (Ossa auditoria)

           --- Circumvention of vertebral column

                 --- a. Portions of the anterior part of the vertebral column

                      b. Some muscles and some ligaments

                Always running at an angle to the axis of the body

                Located on each side of the vertebral column and the occipital  region

           --- Originated from the vertebrae

                 --- Thus different origin from that of the mammalian middle ear

           --- Generally 4 ossicles

                 --- The same names as those of mammalian middle ear ossicles

                      a. Claustrum --------------- First (Cl)

                      b. Stapes ------------------ Second (S)

                      c. Incus ------------------- Third (I)

                      d. Malleus (Malleolus) ----- Fourth (T)

                 --- Alternative names by Bridges and Haddon and Ihle-van Kampen etic

                      and finally Thilo (P 181) ?

     (2) Stato-acoustic organ, ie., inner ear

           --- Ventral to the vertebral column

     (3) Swim bladder

           --- Camera aerea Weberiana

                 --- Cranial division of the swim bladder

           --- Dorsal to the vertebral column

    --- 4 regions of the apparatus

        (1) Endolymphatic region (Rigio endolymphatica)

             --- The part of the inner located within the skull capsule

                     --- Filled with endolymph fluid

        (2) Perilymphatic region (Rigio perilymphatica)
 

             --- The part of the inner located within the skull capsule and partly  alongside of the first

                  vertebrae

                     --- Filled with perilymph fluid

        (3) 4 ossicula weberi

        (4) Camera aeriana Weberiana

    --- Internal duct and sinuses

        (1) Transverse communicating duct (Ductus communicans transversus)

             --- Located in the regio endolymphatica
 

             --- Communicating role between the stato-acoustic organs of both sides

                   ---> Opening into saculus

                         Caudal bulging-out from the middle of the ductus

                          ---> Weberian endolymphatic sinus (Sinus endolympaticus Weberianus)

        (2) Sinus impar perilymphaticus

             --- Consisting of the perilymphatic region (Regio perilymphatica)
 

             --- Caudal process of this sinus

                   --- Atria sinus imparis

                          --- Located on both sides of the first vertebra

             --- Surrounded by the bony wall

                   --- a. Basioccipital(Floor)/ Exoccipitalia(Roof)

                        b. Claustrum Weberi(Cl)/ Stapes Weberi(S)

        (3) Cavum sinus imparis

              --- A great deal of space at the base of the skull

                     --- Strongly reduced sacculus in ostariophysi except for the lagena

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